Always one to resist the call of running tights, I’ve been donning shorts for every run. Lucky for me, we’ve managed to have a relatively mild winter. However, it’s a sure thing I’ve become that crazy lady about town, exposing her knees running in below-freezing temps like it’s 55 degrees. I am the symbol of forever spring, the promise of summer, the speed demon reassuring worried friends and strangers, “If I get cold, I’ll just run faster!”
While charging down the snow-dusted path in denial of the changing seasons, I can’t ignore the dull ache I feel in my knees every run. It started as a small bother and morphed into a full-blown, “But am I actually doing irreparable damage by running in shorts in this bone-chilling cold?”
To find out if I should change my wardrobe (and add running with a five-inch inseam mid-winter to my growing list of poor life decisions), I spoke with two experts: Shane M. Davis, MD, and William C. Updegrove, PT, DPT.
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Cold Tolerance Is a Factor
According to Davis, who is a physiatrist of non-operative medicine at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, the definition of “cold” and if it’s safe to run outside without your legs covered is relative. Besides low air temperature, other conditions to consider before suiting up and heading out are wind chill and precipitation. Individual characteristics also come into play, including a runner’s body composition and how hard they’re exercising—“the more energy you expend, the more you’ll heat your muscle tissues,” said Davis to RW on a phone call, proving my quip that running faster is keeping me warmer. But that doesn’t mean you should start sprinting right out the gate.
Davis compared cold’s effects on tissues to the elasticity of a rubber band. Just as stretching a rubber band in the cold will cause it to snap, this lack of flexibility can lead to performance decrements or even potentially a slightly increased risk of injury if you’re not adequately warmed up and protected. Skin coverage factors in, as well.
“Shorts versus pants or tights will certainly affect the warmth of the tissues themselves,” said Davis. “Tissues, when they’re exposed to cold, particularly at greater levels, lose some of their ability to do certain things. You’ll have decreased muscle force, decreased ability to contract, decreased velocity so the nerves will fire slower, and decreased pliability of tissue.”
Arthritis and Aging Could Be Culprits
Runners with arthritis may notice joint pain as the weather changes due to decreased blood flow. The change in barometric pressure, said Davis, can also cause tissues to swell and increase pressure in certain areas. Other pre-existing conditions, such as tissue damage, can lead to increased wear on the joints, higher risk of pulling a muscle, “or even falling or twisting something just because you’re not able to react as quickly,” said Davis. Appending that to my list of hypnic jerk nightmares.
Continuing to dash my dreams of wearing shorts year-round, Davis named the offender that will eventually come for us all: time.
“As we age, we lose cushioning on our cartilage over time,” he said. “This ‘wear and tear’ doesn’t necessarily mean that you have some advanced arthritis—it may be something you can’t even detect on an X-ray or MRI. But as with everyone, things are kind of stiffening up as we age.”
There is a chance your body will acclimatize to the cold, but warming up with dynamic stretching, starting slow, and wearing the right outfit will decrease your risk of injury. When considering apparel, runners should look for sweat-wicking material. Davis warns against fabrics like cotton that become damp with sweat, eventually causing increased heat loss.
Warm Up, Stretch, Repeat
Updegrove, a physical therapist at St. Luke’s North Medical Center in Bethlehem, PA, recommends these three dynamic stretches. Do any or all of these exercises for two to three minutes, or longer.
“The goal is to raise your heart rate and get your muscles warmed up,” said Updegrove.
High knees: Stand with feet hip-width apart, arms bent at 90 degrees at sides. Drive right knee up toward chest, driving left arm forward and right arm back, elbows still bent. Step foot back down and repeat on opposite side. Build speed so you're running in place, knees driving up as high as you can without leaning back. Go for 30 to 60 seconds.
Toe and heel walking: Stand with feet hip-width apart. Lift heels off floor so you're on toes. Walk forward on toes at regular walking speed for 30 to 60 seconds. Then, drop heels and lift toes off the floor. Walk forward on heels for 30 to 60 seconds.
Frankensteins: Stand with feet hip-width apart. Kick left leg straight up, foot flexed and knee straight, reaching to touch toes with right hand, or as close as you can reach. Keep chest tall and core tight. (Don't bend forward or round shoulders to touch toes.) Step left foot back down. Repeat on other side. Continue alternating for 30 to 60 seconds.
What to Do if Your Knee Pain Is Caused By a Fall
For actual knee injuries (those not caused by running in shorts in freezing temps), wait until your skin temperature goes back to normal before applying ice at home.
Said Updegrove, “If you feel that there’s a need to ice something, wait until your skin temperature goes back to normal. Make sure there’s no more redness, no more odd sensation [from being outside in the cold].”
Taking an ibuprofen or any other type of anti-inflammatory before a run may seem like a safeguard, but Updegrove warns against it.
“Generally we try not to have people running if they need to take ibuprofen or an anti-inflammatory during it,” he said. “If there’s some kind of injury and you just keep running on it, it’s going to get worse.”
Will I Change My Ways?
As I write this, the temperature is 22 degrees, with a 7-degree real feel. Despite Davis and Updegrove’s advice, I’m chafing at the mere thought of putting on running tights.
Which has me turn to plan B: Dreadmill, here I come!
Amanda is a test editor at Runner’s World who has run the Boston Marathon every year since 2013; she's a former professional baker with a master’s in gastronomy and she carb-loads on snickerdoodles.
